The Battery Longest Lasts

The Battery  Longest Lasts  electric battery companies market their products by making impressive claims about how exactly durable and reliable their batteries are. However which battery lasts the longest? Will a far more expensive, brand name battery really last longer than the usual generic battery?

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Before we create a hypothesis that addresses this question, let’s find out about the two most common types of electric batteries. Alkaline batteries are made with potassium hydroxide, the industry basic solution (meaning it can neutralize a good acid). A non-alkaline battery is made along with ammonium chloride and zinc. The ammonium chloride is actually acidic. Alkaline batteries tend to be more costly than their non-alkaline counterparts, just like brand-name batteries tend to be more expensive than generics. But in each situation, what are people really paying for?

Issue
Which batteries last longer: brand-name or universal, alkaline or non-alkaline?

Materials
Several different manufacturers of AA batteries. Try to purchase batteries that have roughly the same expiration date (at least inside the same year), and note the price a person paid per battery. Here are some recommendations:
Brand-name batteries:
Rayovac
Energizer
Duracell
Eveready
Panasonic
Universal brands:
CVS
Walgreens
Rite Aid
Kirkland (Costco)
Several identical flashlights that take two AA batteries (get one flashlight for every type of battery you plan to test)
Laptop
Clock or watch
Masking tape to behave as labels



Procedure
Choose a day where you’ll have the ability to monitor your experiment all day. Make sure to start your experiment each morning!
Label each flashlight with the model of battery you'll use that flashlight to test.
Load each flashlight with two from the appropriate model of battery.
Turn all from the flashlights on at once. Note the period, and record it in your notebook.
Keep track of each flashlight until it dies. When one is out, note and record the time in your own notebook. Record your data in a chart such as this:
Battery Brand Name or Generic.Cost Expiration Date Alkaline or even Non-Alkaline? Time before Dying
Results
You may have found that name brand batteries don’t meet the hype! In addition, there isn’t necessarily a correlation between just how much a battery costs and how it works. However, you may have found that alkaline batteries keep going longer than non-alkaline batteries.

Why?
A battery generates current via a chemical reaction, where new chemicals are formed on both sides from the battery. In general, the more chemicals a battery has that may change into other chemicals, the longer this lasts, and this is partly what explains why alkaline batteries possess a slight chemical advantage over their non-alkaline counterparts.
Heading Further
A great way to expand this experiment will be testing how a battery’s expiration date affects just how long it lasts. Do older batteries perform much more poorly? Test the same brand and kind of battery, but test individual batteries with a variety of expiration dates. You could even investigate which sort of battery technology—alkaline or non-alkaline—will give a battery an extended shelf life!

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Building a Wind Gauge

Building a Wind Gauge Here is a simple wind gauge for use in breezes. It will indicate direction and relative speeds. Use the wind gauge to find out where the wind blows strongest. Compare gauge readings. Do obstacles affect wind speeds and direction?


Left side toward direction wind is blowing from. Bottom parallel to ground.

Directions:

Print out the pattern using your Internet browser software.
Trace the pattern onto cardboard.
Cut out the light cardboard wind gauge.

Tie thread or string in hole.

Move gauge until thread is blowing the same way edge furthest from the string is pointing. This indicates wind direction. Keep pointing the gauge in that direction.
Where the thread points along arc indicates a relative velocity. Make marks with a pen along the arc to show how hard the wind is blowing.

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Musicians Develop Better Hearing

Musicians Develop Better Hearing a current study published in the journal Ear and Hearing found that those who are trained and practiced musicians are better in a position to distinguish the words of a conversation in the middle of a noisy room. If this idea could be generalized, it will have important practical implications for those who are hard of hearing and children along with learning disabilities. Test out the hypothesis on your own.

Materials:
An audio recorder and player
The noisy environment
2 volunteers to record the conversation
20 or more musician test topics
20 or more non-musician test subjects
Document and pencil for recording and analyzing outcomes

Experimental Procedure

With your recording equipment navigate to the noisy environment and record your two volunteers using a conversation amidst the noise. The recorded conversation ought to be very difficult but not impossible to listen to.
Note the length and type of music experience your musician test subjects have.
Have test subjects pay attention to the recording, picking out and writing down just as much of it as they can hear.

Compare the outcomes of this hearing test for your music performer and non-musician test subjects. Did the musicians do better about the test?
Analyze results more carefully. Did any patterns emerge relating length or kind of musical training or practice to how nicely test subjects did?

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What Direction Should Solar Panels Face

What Direction Should Solar Panels Face is Imagine you’re installing a brand new array of solar panels for an energy-conscious organization in California. You want the largest quantity of sunlight possible to reach the panels. The actual panels are fixed, so you need to determine which direction to point them in order to collect the most light. The company manager wants you to definitely point them west towards the sun—but they’d need to remain facing that direction every day. Which direction in the event you actually point them in?
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Issue
What direction should solar panels face, as well as why?
Materials
Magnetic compass
Empty tissue container
Marker
Pen and paper
4 outdoor/indoor thermometers
Sun-drenched day
Sand (or another form of weight)
Mp3
Plastic wrap


Procedure
Fill your empty cells box with sand.
Tape each of the four thermometers towards the tissue box, one to each side, with the bottoms facing the same direction.
Tape a layer of plastic wrap over each thermometer utilizing a square of equal size for all of them. What do you think the Plastic Wrap is perfect for?
Solar Diagram
Find a spot outside you know will get sunlight all day.
Try to wake up before the sun rises to be able to place your tissue box in this place. Use your compass to find north, and rotate one side of the tissue box to face that direction. Label this side by having an ‘N, ’ and make sure to the rest of the sides with their corresponding directions on the actual compass. Do you think the sun rises straight to the east and sets directly in the actual west? Why or why not?

After the sun's rays begin to rise, wait half an hour and consider the temperature for each thermometer. Record the time for every thermometer in a chart like this:
Do this after every hour during the period of the day, until late in the morning (or until sunset, if you can wait around that long! ).
Collect your tissue box and create a graph of temperatures using the data a person collected. What’s the difference between the greatest and lowest temperature thermometers? Is this surprising for you? Are the temperatures the same at beginning and sunset?
Results

What data you get is determined by your latitude and what time of year it's, but if you’re in the United States you need to see a higher overall temperature on the thermometer that faced south compared to the thermometer that faced north. Someone in the southern hemisphere would visit a higher temperature on the thermometer facing northern.

Why?
Your building manager was wrong. The sun's rays feel warmer in the afternoon just because everything is hotter within the afternoon—after all, everything has had ample time for you to warm up all day! It turns out that regardless of how far north or south the sunlight is, it’s always somewhere in the southern the main sky all day, and it doesn’t rise or set directly within the east or west, respectively (except at special times of year in special places about the Earth). So how come?

The earth is tilted in accordance with its orbit around the Sun. When the actual northern hemisphere is enjoying its summer, our planet tilts that hemisphere towards the sun. For this reason, the sun appears higher in the sky throughout the summer months. It’s winter in the southern hemisphere throughout the northern hemisphere’s summer, because during this period, the southern hemisphere is tilted away in the sun.

If you live north of the actual Tropic of Cancer, the sun will continually be in the southern half of the skies. Because the Earth tilts in different directions during the period of a year, the sun’s apparent position appears to wander from places directly above the Tropic associated with Cancer to places directly above the Tropic of Capricorn and back—but since the sun is almost always in the south from the sky in the northern hemisphere, it may preferentially illuminate south-facing objects, such as buildings or solar power panels. A good rule of thumb is to tilt your solar power panels south towards the sun (and if you wish to get really picky, tilt them at an angle determined both by what lengths north you are and the balance of one's you want during the summer and winter season months).

So what’s the deal with covering our thermometers in plastic? The plastic cover traps heat, allowing the sunlight hitting the whole face of t
he tissue box to the warmth that face’s thermometer. It behaves like the greenhouse: light from the sun passes through the transparent material and heats up anything beneath it. That heat can’t pass back through the actual material and escape. This allows us to determine a bigger change in temperature, which makes our data easier to interpret.

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Testing the Ozone

Testing the Ozone was Did you ever hear of an ozone alert? Ozone is a kind of oxygen that can be harmful to people when it enters our breathing space. You can attempt your surroundings to see which locations possess the highest levels of ozone by creating your personal ozone test strips.

Materials:

Four cups
Distilled drinking water
Glass pot (do not substitute a metal 1! )
1 ¼ teaspoons cornstarch
Stove
Wood spoon
Potassium iodide
Coffee filter
Paintbrush
Scissors
Hiding tape
Spray bottle

Experimental Procedure

Measure out four glasses of distilled water and place it into the glass pot.
Mix in 1 ¼ teaspoons associated with cornstarch
Heat the mixture over a medium flame while stirring it having a wooden spoon. When the mixture thickens and becomes a little see-through, remove it from the stove.
Include the ¼ teaspoon of potassium iodide, and mix. Let the mixture cool.
Put a coffee filter on the ceramic plate, and brush both sides from the filter with the mixture. Try to ensure that the mixture is spread evenly on the entire filter. You have now created an ozone check paper.
Use additional filters to make a lot more ozone test papers.
Wash your hands with soap and tepid to warm water.
Let the test papers dry in the dark place.
Cut the test papers into strips.
Spray a strip with distilled water as well as hang it in one of the locations that you want to test.
Spray and hang additional test strips in the areas. Consider hanging some strips inside and a few outside, as well as hanging some in places that you simply think experience higher levels of pollution.

Depart the strips for eight hours.
Take lower the strips and spray them with distilled drinking water. The strips should change color based how much ozone they were exposed to. The actual darker the purple color, the more ozone is in the air near their location.
Note: Don't place the strips in direct sunlight.

Terms/Concepts: Ozone; Which factors will probably increase the ozone levels in the atmosphere?

References:

First Place Science Fair Projects with regard to Inquisitive Kids, by Elizabeth Snoke Harris. Pp. 110-112.

Keren Perles did as an educational writer, editor, teacher, and tutor of ages. Her experience spans the subject places, from science and math to English and also the Hebrew language.

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How to make a CD balloon hovercraft

CD balloon hovercraft Make this happen very simple project to generate a floating disc that will skims across a surface exactly like the way an air flow hockey puck as well as hovercraft does.

What exactly you need:
Blank CD or CD that you do not want any additional.
Pop-top cap coming from a water bottle as well as dish soap package
Balloon
Hot glue rifle
What You Accomplish:
Use the scorching glue gun for you to carefully glue your bottle cap in the center hole in the CD and allow it to go set. Make confident the edges are generally fully sealed.
Force the pop-top hat closed. Blow up the balloon, then hold it to ensure no air escapes, but don't tie up it off. Stretch the mouth in the balloon over your bottle cap (you might require an assistant that may help you do this so that you can don't lose any air through the balloon). Now adjust the balloon in order that it stands up direct and centered.
Set the hovercraft with a hard, smooth kitchen table and open your pop-top; then nudge the product along and see how are you affected.
What Happened:
A hovercraft operates by forcing air out and about beneath it, setting up a cushion of air flow to float in. Hovercrafts usually have a very "skirt" that surrounds the camp to contain air; in this undertaking the CD can be light enough who's doesn't need a huge cushion, so no skirt is critical. The balloon acts as being a pressurized gas slot provided. When you wide open the cap, the balloon allows air out over the cap, creating a skinny cushion of air within the CD.

As anyone nudged your hovercraft all-around, you may have remarked that it zipped down the surface like the air hockey puck. That's because air flow hockey uses a similar principle, with the puck floating with a layer of air flow. In the case associated with an air hockey kitchen table, the air is forced out of your table below rather than source above as being a hovercraft. Try pushing an ordinary CD across your table, and after that your hovercraft. Do both the move differently? That's for the reason that thin cushion of air through the hovercraft reduces the friction relating to the CD and your table. Because in the reduced friction, hovercrafts could reach higher data transfer rates.

Experiment ideas:
Test to see should your hovercraft works differently in case you open the hat only part way instead of all the so-called way.
Try distinct sizes of balloons. Does the hovercraft run longer with a larger balloon?
Hovercrafts work ideal on smooth surfaces hence the air can propagate evenly, but research yours on several unique surfaces to see how it behaves. Should it work on a new sidewalk or rug?

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Build a film canister rocket

Build a film canister rocket The particular sounds of research rang out throughout the Kohrs Family Heart at Sea Crest University on Thursday night time.

On one side with the gym, seventh-grade students was standing nervously beside their particular science projects awaiting a trip from multiple most judges. Their topics ranged coming from “How Animals Influence Blood Pressure” to be able to “Why Onions Allow you to Cry” to “The Outcomes of Liquid Consumption around the pH of Individual Urine. ”

Sure, one brave younger scientist actually analyzed the urine regarding multiple subjects.

Squeals of excitement exploded from your other side, as children of most ages launched fizzy rockets, extracted DNA from your strawberry or basically built a connection.

“I love that because everybody happens for all marks, ” said Heather DeWeerd, fifth-grade humanities trainer at Sea Crest University. “You have the particular seventh-grade science honest.

“The exhibits are usually always different. They’re hands-on as well as the kids get to be able to leave with research experiments they help make. ”

Second-grade Sea Crest pupil Wyatt Dunning waited expectantly with a construction paper start pad. His try things out, a film cylinder rocket powered simply by Alka-Seltzer and h2o, was about to be able to blast off.

There was clearly a small pop because the rocket went away from. Dunning seemed being delighted by the effect.

“I put this kind of rocket power inside, ” said Dunning, discussing the effervescent capsule. “And then My partner and i put water in plus it made this substance reaction. And it made a huge boom and it blasted over cap.

“Boom! ” this individual continued, gesturing with available arms while peering on the rocket through his / her safety glasses.

“This is the best experiment because it's got something regarding chemical reactions. I enjoy chemical reactions, ” this individual said. “It’s like a couple of different chemicals jump together and produce a chemical reaction. It’s just like two chemicals re-acting. ”

While Dunning has been watching his rocket lose, Sophia Nielsen has been belting out a tune over a banana keyboard.

“They are usually bananas that, in the event you press them, they will make different appears, ” said Sophia Nielsen. “I think they may be pretty cool. ”

The banana piano contained alligator clips, wire connections and proprietary engineering from MIT Mass media Lab called “Makey Makey, ” a power circuit that did actually magically make a drum out of berry.

“Because they are linked to this, that linked to that, that’s linked to this other factor, and that’s exactly why they make audio, ” said Nielsen, supplying up her reason behind the audio fruit.

According for the Makey Makey internet site, the technology powering the banana piano could be the brainchild of The writer Silver and Eric Rosenbaum, a couple of Ph. D. students who worked on the MIT lab.

Apples aside, the kit could also be used to turn pencil drawings in to a joystick or Play-Doh in to a controller for a well liked video game. Pac-Man any person?

The science experiment percentage of the evening was due to a dynamic cooperation between a parent plus a member of the sea Crest faculty.

Along with Michelle Giacotto, movie director of Lower University, parent volunteer Gizette Sperinde worked tirelessly to bring another successful science night throughout the proverbial finish series.

“The strawberry DNA station might be my favorite as well as the one station that will require the most level of preparation, ” said Sperinde in the message to the particular Half Moon Fresh Review. “I hope which it triggers a discussion and comprehension of DNA, its value, and how it gives you building blocks for many life forms.

“When I really do this activity inside the classroom, the debate inevitably switches to be able to race, ” the lady continued. “I always really like telling kids that race can be a human construct having nothing regarding their DNA. 

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Walking water science experiment

 Walking water science experiment Place the three glasses side-by-side. Starting on your left-hand facet, fill that wine glass with water. Squirt a generous volume of blue food coloring in the water.

Leave the subsequent glass empty.

Now fill the glass for the far right side with water and convey a generous amount involving yellow food coloring.

Fold a paper towel by 50 % lengthways and again in order that it will fit in the neck of your current glass easily. Now place one end in the paper towel in the blue water along with bend the paper towel in the edge of the glass in order that the other end sits inside empty glass in the center.

Do the same conversely: place one end of an paper towel in the yellow water, and bend it over in order that the other end rests inside empty glass in the center.

Watch and delay.

In about a half-hour or so, the river will start ‘walking’ up the paper towels and over in the middle glass.

After about two hours you'll have mix of both the colors at the center glass.

Hints along with tips:
Choose two primary colors that could mix to generate a secondary color. Electronic. g. red and yellow to generate orange or orange and red to generate purple.
Why would it be so?
The technique of water moving coupled a conduit (the paper towel within this case) is named: capillary action. This is why flowers and plant life move water through the ground beneath these people, up through his or her stems and inside their petals and foliage.

The paper towel is incredibly ‘absorbent’: which means you'll find enough gaps throughout its fiber to the water to undertake easily and speedily. The adhesive force relating to the water and your paper towel is stronger as opposed to cohesive forces inside water itself.



We have been having much fun with scientific disciplines this summer–it’s time for you to get the kids excited which has a hands-o task!

The Walking Normal water experiment is super easy to put together and has a major wow factor. Kids can watch the colored normal water walk along cardstock towels and fill a clear glass. It’s cool!

Walking Water Little  Science Experiment!

Internet marketer links for items used below.
Going for walks Water Experiment

at the least 3 empty glasses (these include the ones we used)
normal water
food coloring
cardstock towels
Choose the colors you wish to mix. We does red and discolored, blue and discolored, and red along with blue. Fill a jar for each and every color and put food coloring. You will want an additional empty glass in the same size for each and every pair of hues.

Walking Water Research for Kids!

Cut a paper towel by 50 % and then crease it into quarters lengthwise. Stick one end in the paper towel in the colored water the other end into your empty jar.

Neat Science Experiment pertaining to Kids

Thanks to capillary action the river moves or “walks” up the paper towels in the empty jar. The middle bottle fills up with water prior to the water levels of all the so-called jars are identical.

Walking Water Coloring Mixing Experiment

Once you start with primary colored water inside jars it also evolves into a cool dyes mixing lesson.

Going for walks Water Science Research for Kids

Going for walks Water Troubleshooting

Comes about very slowly. We have invariably been able to discover results within units. If you aren’t it usually is the type involving paper towels you happen to be using. We do this fairly often and still have great success while using Target brand version which you could select the smaller sizes as an alternative to a larger published. If you are disappointed by it taking a very long time to see just about any action I’d consider using a different type involving paper towel.

Won’t get rolling. You start to view something happening right away for those who have filled your outer glasses all the way up to the prime. It totally in concert with shorter, wider clear glasses but we've got the most success while using canning jars shown inside photos. If you have them it usually is worthwhile to make them out!

This is one experiment you wish to try until you have right because it can be just that neat when it performs. Trust me. You’ll be equally impressed with this specific walking water science experiment because kids!

summer science camp blue 2 months
Join me along with Erica from Precisely what Do We Do For hours on end? each Thursday this summer for a no cost Summer Science Camp out. We are expressing classic science experiments that your particular kids will enjoy!

Head over to view what they built this week!

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How to Make a Water Cycle Model

Make a Water Cycle Model is Should you leave of cup of water on the sunny table outside, the water disappears within a couple days. Where does it go? Whenever water “disappears, ” how does it return to us? Learn how to make a water cycle model and discover out!

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Problem:
How can the processes of cloud and rain making be recreated within the kitchen?
Materials
For Making Clouds:
Water
Tablespoon
Thin necked heat resistant bottle or flask (ideally a good Erlenmeyer flask)
Stove, hot plate or microwave
Heavy oven mitt
Ice cube
Adult helper
To make Rain:

Hotplate
Two identical chairs
Heavy book
Metal tray (a metal ice cube tray will be perfect)
Thick oven hot mitt
Cup
12 or more ice
Procedure
Part 1—Making Clouds
Boil some water about the stove or microwave.
Let cool 30 mere seconds.
Ask your grown-up to measure two tablespoons associated with water into your narrow-mouthed bottle.
Quickly put the ice cube in the mouth of the bottle
Watch what occurs!
Making Clouds Diagram
Part 2—Making Rain

Fill up the heat-resistant beaker halfway with water.
Pace the hotplate somewhere on the floor, unplugged. Place the beaker on the unplugged warm plate and fill it with three tablespoons associated with water.
Set your chairs up according towards the diagram below. Place a book at the edge of 1 chair.
Place a metal tray so that it’s suspended between your two chairs. One edge should be elevated through the book.
Fill the metal tray with glaciers. Place an empty cup underneath the lowest point from the tray to collect the condensing water (if you should use another book to tilt the tray to ensure that its lowest point is a corner of the tray, then go for it. Place your empty cup underneath this corner instead to gather the condensing water).
Make sure that the hotplate and beaker are underneath the elevated side of the tray. Plug in and switch on the hot plate.
Place the ice cubes within the metal tray.
Not much will happen before water in the beaker starts to obtain really hot. Be patient!
Observe, paying special focus on the bottom of the metal pan.
Make sure that the water is dribbling into your own collecting cup. You might need to change its location.
Making Rain Diagram
Results
Within our first experiment, a cloud should have formed between your ice and hot water. In Making Rainfall, the steam boiling from the beaker must have condensed or changed back to liquid when it makes a connection with the cold metal tray. The tilt helps the newly formed water dribble to the cup.

Some of the liquid water that you simply heated in Making Clouds evaporated, or changed from the liquid to an invisible gas called drinking water vapor. The ice cooled the water vapor in order that it turned into tiny water droplets, but because the tiny droplets were so small, they remained floating within the air, forming a cloud.

In our 2nd experiment, the boiling water became water watery vapor, which then condenses on the bottom from the cold tray to become liquid water once again. This time, the tiny droplets collided into one another, getting bigger and bigger until they created big droplets of rain. Rain is only one form of precipitation—a form of condensed drinking water vapor. Other forms include snow, sleet, as well as hail.

If the water cycle continues in order to fascinate you, you might build or purchase a terrarium. A terrarium is small closed pot containing plants and sometimes small animals. Water evaporates inside the terrarium, but condenses on the lid, producing the terrarium self-watering.

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Solar Hot Dog Cooker

The sun is a fantastic (and free) source of energy just waiting being harnessed. You can build a simple solar hot dog cooker for use over a sunny day.

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This hot dog cooker works on the reflective parabola. A parabola is a symmetric blackberry curve that resembles the letter “U. ” The focus of your parabola is a point that lies over the axis of symmetry and acts as the particular special point around which a parabola (or any geometric shape) is constructed.

Let’s practice choosing the focus of the parabola. A parabola graphed while using the equation y=ax2 must first be converted directly into standard form. Standard form for parabolas can be as follows:

4p(y - k) = (x : h)2

Where h is the horizontal distance with the parabola origin (the curve) of the parabola from your point (0, 0) and k is the vertical distance with the parabola origin from the point (0, 0). 4p is corresponding to (1/a). This is just a mathematics meeting.

We plug our numbers in to fix for p, which is the vertical distance with the focus from the parabola’s vertex, or least expensive point.

So why would we need to employ a parabola as our mirror, anyway? Here’s what’s thus cool about parabolic mirrors: the focus is the point where all of the reflected light passes by means of. This makes a parabola a perfect reflect shape for cooking a hot dog.

Difficulty

Build a solar power hot dog pot.

Materials

Oversized shoe box

Aluminum foil

Poster table

Scissors

Craft knife or box cutter

Recording

Glue

Pencil

Ruler

Skewer

Single hole impact

Sheet of graphing paper

Hot dogs, buns, along with your favorite hot dog condiments!

Procedure

Using the graphing paper plus a pencil, graph the parabola y = 0. 035x2. (Because this kind of parabola is facing up, you can put the vertex of the parabola very near the bottom of the page. Be sure to scale the parabola appropriately for the graph paper; for example, if the squares around the paper are ¼ inch, make 4 bins equal 1 inch, and mark your axes consequently. Follow the same steps if you're making use of centimeters. )

Results

The focus of the parabola is found at the coordinates (0, 7. 14), which can be 7. 14 units (inches or centimeters, with regards to the measurement you've chosen to use) above the vertex (bottom) with the parabola’s curve.

Solvingfor Focus

Placing the hot dog at the focus in the sun will result in a cooked (and ready to eat! ) very hot dog.

Why?

The parabola is shaped so that it collects the sun rays and focuses these at one point, the focus, in the biggest market of the parabola. This is where the hot dog is put, and the energy from the sun is employed to cook the hot dog.

Because sunlight is so far away from the world, the light rays hitting us are fundamentally parallel. Parallel incident rays of light which strike a parabolic mirror all move across the same point after they are mirrored.

Light is reflected off of nearly almost everything, but we used foil because it’s highly reflective and much of the heat and energy from the incoming light is redirected to the hot dog. This would not utilize a material that was not reflective.

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How to Make a Simple Electric Motor

Energy is available in many forms. Electric energy can be changed into useful work, or mechanical energy, through machines called electric motors. Electric motors work because of electromagnetic interactions: the interaction of current (the flow of electrons) along with a magnetic field.
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Problem

Learn how to make a simple electric motor.
Supplies
D battery
Insulated 22G wire
two large-eyed, long, metal sewing needles (the eyes should be large enough to fit the cable through)
Modeling clay
Electrical tape
Pastime knife
Small circular magnet
Thin gun
Give your coil a spin. What goes on? What happens when you spin the coil within the other direction? What would happen to have a bigger magnet? A bigger battery? Heavier wire?
Results
The motor will still spin when pushed in the correct direction. The motor will not spin once the initial push is in the reverse direction.
Why?
The metal, needles, and wire created a closed loop circuit that may carry current. Current flows from the negative terminal of the battery, through the circuit, and towards the positive terminal of the battery. Current inside a closed loop also creates its personal magnetic field, which you can determine through the “Right Hand Rule. ” Making a “thumbs up” sign together with your right hand, the thumb points toward the current, and the curve of the fingers show which way the permanent magnetic field is oriented.
In our situation, current travels through the coil a person created, which is called the armature from the motor. This current induces a magnetic field within the coil, which helps explain why the actual coil spins.

Magnets have two rods, north, and south. North-south interactions stay together, and north-north and south-south interactions repel one another. Because the magnetic field created by the current in the wire is not perpendicular towards the magnet taped to the battery, at least some the main wire’s magnetic field will repel and cause the coil to keep to spin.

So why did we have to remove the insulation from only one side of every wire? We need a way to periodically break the circuit in order that it pulses on and off in time using the rotation of the coil. Otherwise, the copper coil’s magnetic field would align using the magnet’s magnetic field and stop shifting because both fields would attract one another.

 The way we set up our engine causes it to be so that whenever current is moving with the coil (giving it a magnetic field), the coil is in a good position to be repelled by the stationary magnet’s magnetic field. Whenever the coil isn’t being actively repelled (during those moment intervals where the circuit is changed off), momentum carries it around until it’s within the right position to complete the signal, induce a new magnetic field, and become repelled by the stationary magnet once again.
Once moving, the coil can still spin until the battery is lifeless. The reason that the magnet only spins in a single direction is because spinning in the incorrect direction will not cause the magnetic fields to repel one another, but attract.

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Electrolysis of Water Experiment

Energy is stored inside the bonds of molecules. When these bonds split apart, the energy released enables you to do work. Breaking apart liquid water molecules directly into hydrogen and oxygen gas creates a huge amount of energy, which can be changed into useful electricity to power our properties and cars.

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To crack these bonds, some amount of energy must get the atoms in water molecules active enough to break besides each other. At home, we can supply this energy using a battery. All batteries have two terminals, or perhaps ends a positive terminal and a poor terminal. The water then connects these kinds of terminals so energy can flow among them. As the electricity passes through the water, it splits the water!

Pure water itself is a win conductor of electricity, so for this experiment baking soda will probably be added to make the solution a great electrolyte. An electrolyte is a part of a solution which can be broken up by electrolysis. Electro identifies energy and electricity and -lysis identifies splitting apart. Electrolytes are important both in batteries and inside our bodies!

Problem

During the electrolysis regarding water, which electrolyte conducts electricity the most effective?

Distilled water

Tap water

2 silver-colored browse tracks

9V battery

Small, clear plastic container (a plastic to-go sauce container from your restaurant would work great)

2 analyze tubes

Stopwatch

Baking soda

Table salt

Lemon

Dishwashing detergent

Procedure

Insert the thumb tacks into the underneath of the plastic container so your points push up into the box. Space them so that they’re the identical distance apart as the two terminals of the 9V battery. Be careful not to be able to prick yourself!

Place the plastic container with all the thumb tacks over the terminals with the battery. If the cup is too large to balance on the battery, locate something to stack it on: among two books, a stack of post-its, and so forth.

Slowly fill the container with distilled h2o. If the tracks move, go ahead and utilize this opportunity to fix them before an individual proceed. Will distilled water conduct electricity alone? Try it!

Add a pinch regarding baking soda.

Hold two test tubes above each push pin to get the gas being formed. Record the observations. What happens? Does one tube have an overabundance gas than the other? What gasses you think are forming?

Discard the solution, and repeat the task with a different combination:

Distilled h2o and lemon juice

Distilled water and also table salt

Distilled water and plate detergent

Distilled water (no additive)

Regular water (Does tap water work? If thus, why? )

Results

Distilled water is not going to conduct current, while tap water will conduct a tiny current. The solution with baking soda will facilitate adequate electrolysis. The solution with table salt will facilitate electrolysis the most effective.

Baking soda, known by chemists as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), isn’t an electrolyte alone. Remember—it needs to be a remedy! When dissolved in water, it lets current flow from the water between the terminals of the particular battery. In the water-baking soda remedy, the gasses that are produced are usually hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2) and skin tightening and (CO2).

Table salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), can be a good additive to form electrolytes. Inside water, salt actually splits into Na+ and also Cl- ions, which are very great at carrying current, or the flow regarding electric charges. In the water-salt remedy, the gasses that are produced are usually hydrogen, oxygen and chlorine gas (Cl2)—you don’t desire to inhale this stuff!

Lemon juice can be a decent electrolyte because it is a great acid. The acid dissociates in water as well as the current will be carried by the particular ions. Distilled water on its own is not going to carry any current. However, tap water is frequently able to conduct current because regarding minerals and impurities (Don’t worry! These items are not bad for you! ).

Different numbers of gas are produced from each effect because each reaction will carry an alternative amount of current. The amount of gas produced is directly proportional to the current that flows in the system.

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How to Make a Solar Oven

There are many great reasons to learn how to complete a solar oven! Maybe you’re going camping. Maybe you’re keen on learning about different ways to concentrate this sun’s energy. Maybe you’re interested in strategies of cooking that don’t add greenhouse gasses towards the atmosphere. Maybe you’re just hungry! In almost any case, as long as you’re patient and prepared to move your oven where the sun is usually, you’ll be rewarded with some hot, mouth watering food.

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Several scientific phenomena initiate making your oven the best heater it might be. Heat is the form of energy (sometimes called thermal energy) that is certainly transferred by a difference in temperature. You intend to transfer the sun’s heat to your photovoltaic over. Reflection is the throwing back connected with light, heat or sound by a human body or surface, like a mirror. The shiny foil you’ll easy use in your oven will reflect the sun’s light and heat in your oven. During absorbing

Problem
Build and start using a simple solar oven.

Materials
Cardboard pizza pack
Pencil
Ruler
Box cutter or scissors
Lightweight aluminum foil
Clear type of tape
Black structure paper
Plastic wrap or large, transparent cheap bag
Newspapers
Oven mitt
Dish or pie plate
Cooking Ingredients, like those for some mores or nachos (don’t use your oven to ready raw meat)
Optional: a thermometer that comes up to 250 degrees F.



Procedure
Clean any stray items of cheese, sauce or crumbs out of one's pizza box.
Using the ruler and pen, draw a square one inch in from the edges of the top of the box.
Use the box cutter or knife to cut out three on the four sides of the square.
Make a crease along the uncut side of the square to manufacture a flap that stands up.
Cut a section of aluminum foil large enough to cover the inner side on the cardboard flap.
Wrap the foil tightly, in addition to secure with tape. What purpose does this foil serve?
Line the bottom of this pizza box with black construction paper. What exactly purpose does the black paper serve? Would white paper are well? Why or why not?
Cut two pieces of plastic wrap which might be the same size as the top of the pizza box.
Use tape to secure the plastic wrap towards inside edges of the square window you cut into your box. You are creating an airtight windows. Why do you want to make ones oven airtight?
Roll up some newspaper pages into tubes to stuff into your sides of the box. Make sure that you are still able to close the lid on the pizza box. Remember—what purpose does the classifieds serve?
Now it is time to make meals something! The best time to use one's oven is between 11 AM and 3 PM. Make sure to set the food using a dish so you don’t mess up the within of your oven.
One food option is usually a solar s’more. Place one or two marshmallows over a graham cracker. Put two to three squares of chocolate over the marshmallow. Wait until it’s done cooking to top it while using the second graham cracker. Any idea why it will be smart to have the chocolate on major?
You could also make nachos by placing grated cheese over tortilla chips, or use the oven to warm leftovers or soup.
Results
On a inviting, warm day, your oven could reach in relation to 200 degrees F. You will notice that food takes longer to cook within a solar oven than a regular one.

The reason?
Let’s recap: You covered the flap with foil so that the foil would reflect sunlight into the the oven. The black paper on the bottom of this oven absorbed the sun’s energy (white paper would have reflected many that energy). You made your oven airtight so that the warm air inside your oven would definitely not leave the pizza box via convection. You put the newspaper in your oven to insulate it and prevent warm loss through radiation. It is best to use your the oven between 11 AM - 2 PM because that is when the sun’s rays are strongest. If that you are making a s’more, it is good idea to give the chocolate on top because its dark color will absorb heat greater than the lighter graham crackers. Food takes longer to cook within a solar oven because solar ovens don’t receive as hot as conventional ovens. That’s okay for many people dishes, and using an educational oven such as one you made yourself adds an more special taste.

Going Further
Try making candy fondue or baked potatoes! Find out how solar ovens will be distributed in areas where there is little fuel but many sun.

, energy is taken in a material rather than reflected. You will line the inside of your oven with black paper so it can certainly absorb the light and heat being reflected with it. Another energy process you should be accustomed to for this project is convection, which would be the transfer of heat by the movement of any gas or liquid. You’ll use plastic wrap for making your oven airtight so the air warmed because of the sun doesn’t leave your oven through convection. One final energy term crucial to this project is insulation. Insulating materials keep heat leaving your oven through radiation. That’s why you'll line the inside of your oven that has a cheap and effective insulator—newspaper!

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Fruit Battery

Power companies market their products by making impressive claims about precisely how durable and reliable their batteries are. Nonetheless which battery lasts the longest? Will a very expensive, brand name battery really last longer than just a generic battery?
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Before we generate a hypothesis that addresses this question, let’s know about the two most common types of energy. Alkaline batteries are made with potassium hydroxide, which is a basic solution (meaning it can neutralize a strong acid). A non-alkaline battery is made by using ammonium chloride and zinc. The ammonium chloride is definitely acidic. Alkaline batteries tend to be higher in price than their non-alkaline counterparts, just like brand-name batteries are usually more expensive than generics. But in each instance, what are people really paying for?
Challenge
Which batteries last longer: brand-name or commonly used, alkaline or non-alkaline?

Materials
Several different companies of AA batteries. Try to purchase batteries that each one have roughly the same expiration date (at least around the same year), and note the price you actually paid per battery. Here are some guidelines:
Brand-name batteries:
Rayovac
Energizer
Duracell
Eveready
Panasonic
Commonly used brands:
CVS
Walgreens
Rite Aid
Kirkland (Costco)
Several identical flashlights that take two AA batteries (get one flashlight each type of battery you plan to test)
Journal
Clock or watch
Masking tape to are labels



Procedure
Choose a day where you’ll be capable of monitoring your experiment all day. Make sure to start your experiment in the am!
Label each flashlight with the model of battery you are going to use that flashlight to test.
Load each flashlight with two of your appropriate model of battery.
Turn all of your flashlights on at once. Note the time frame, and record it in your notebook.
Watch each flashlight until it dies. When one goes out, note and record the time in a person's notebook. Record your data in a chart like that:
Battery Brand Name or Generic? Cost Expiration Date Alkaline and also Non-Alkaline? Time before Dying
Results
You may have found that name brand batteries don’t surpass the hype! In addition, there isn’t necessarily a correlation between what amount a battery costs and how it runs. However, you may have found that alkaline batteries last longer than non-alkaline batteries.

Why?
A battery generates the current through the chemical reaction, where new chemicals are formed on both sides of your battery. In general, the more chemicals a battery has which will change into other chemicals, the longer they last, and this is partly what explains why alkaline batteries have got a slight chemical advantage over their non-alkaline counterparts.
Likely Further
A great way to expand this experiment is testing how a battery’s expiration date affects the span of time it lasts. Do older batteries perform extra poorly? Test the same brand and method of battery, but test individual batteries with various expiration dates. You could even investigate which kind of battery technology—alkaline or non-alkaline—will give a battery a longer shelf life!

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Color Changing Milk

Color Changing Milk products is guaranteed that they are one of the perfect kitchen chemistry tests. Some very unusual interactions transpire when you mix a few milk food dyes, and a loss of liquid a cleaning agent. Use this play with it to amaze friends and uncover any scientific secrets for soap.

This unforgettable hands-on figuring out experience is interesting and easy—no wonder it’s amongst Steve Spangler’s most desired experiments! Learn easy methods to turn this activity into an exceptional science fair assignment, and find even more hands-on science interesting in Steve’s reserve, Naked Eggs together with Flying Potatoes.

SICK Science® may be a registered trademark for Steve Spangler, Inc. Most of Rights Reserved.

PLAY WITH IT

1
Pour enough milk over the dinner plate to completely cover the bottom into the depth of related to 1/4 inch. Allow the milk to settle before moving to the next step.


a pair of
Add one drop of each four colors for food coloring—red, blue, green, and blue—to any milk. Keep the loses close together in the heart of the plate for milk.


3
Find a nice and clean cotton swab to your next an area of the experiment. Predict what you can do when you touch the tip of the pure cotton swab to the middle of the milk. It’s important don't stir the mix—just touch it when using the tip of any cotton swab. Just do it-- try it.


3
Now place a good drop of aqueous dish soap over the other end of the cotton swab. Place the soapy end within the cotton swab back part way through the milk together with hold it certainly, there for 10 that will 15 seconds. Consider that burst for color! It’s similar to the Fourth of July from a plate of milk products.


5
Add another loss of soap into the tip of any cotton swab and give it a try again. Experiment with making the cotton swab for different places during the milk. Notice that your colors in the milk pursue to move even as soon as the cotton swab is certainly removed. What makes the food item coloring in any milk move?

SOW HOW DOES IT WORK

Milk is mainly water, but this also contains vitamins, mineral, proteins, and miniature droplets of unwanted fat suspended in choice. Fats and necessary protein are sensitive to changes during the surrounding solution (the milk).

Features it offers of the bursting colors set in the chemistry of the particular tiny drop for soap. Like many other oils, milk fat may be a non-polar molecule and therefore means it doesn’t break down in water. Anytime soap is varying in, however, the non-polar (hydrophobic) component to micelles (molecular a cleaning agent structures in solution) bad break up and collect the non-polar fat molecules. Then the polar surface within the micelle (hydrophilic) connects towards a polar water molecule when using the fat held included in the soap micelle. Owing to the soap correlation, literally, the non-polar fat may well then be carried by way of the polar water. It's when the interesting begins.

The compounds of the fat curve, roll, twist, and contort in all directions as a cleaning agent molecules race around to participate in up with the fat molecules. During all for this fat molecule gymnastics, the food item coloring molecules happen to be bumped and shoved everywhere, providing a lovely way to observe most of the invisible activity. When the soap becomes evenly mixed with the milk, the action re-adjusts and eventually quits. This is why milk by using a higher fat content produces the best explosion of color—there’s basically more fat to combine with all of those soap molecules.

Try adding one other drop of soap to observe if there’s these days movement. If which means that, you discovered you will still find more fat compounds that haven’t found a partner at the substantial color dance. Add another loss of soap gets started on the process for the second time.

TAKE IT DEEPER.

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